挂载硬盘对于linux系统来讲是一个比较常见的问题了，下面我们来看看linux中挂载新硬盘到目录，并开机自动挂载例子紧，
今天，在整理图片时，发现根目录硬盘空间已经所剩无几了，而网站和所有相关文件主要放置在根下data目录（/data）里，但/home下是有空间，而又不想把文件放到/home下面去，只有再加一个新硬盘，对以后/data目录的文件管理也比较好。
那么就先关掉主机，再加上新硬盘（其它电脑使用过的500G硬盘），插上后再启动电脑。
接下来，就开始工作了：
1. 查看硬盘信息：
feigo@figo:~$ sudo df -h
文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
rootfs 102G 92G 4.7G 96% /
udev 10M 0 10M 0% /dev
tmpfs 799M 1.8M 798M 1% /run
/dev/disk/by-uuid/3640f24a-4870-42e2-ae07-109cb9c35164 102G 92G 4.7G 96% /
tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock
tmpfs 4.6G 224K 4.6G 1% /run/shm
/dev/sda7 92M 26M 62M 30% /boot
/dev/sda9 201G 23G 169G 12% /home
feigo@figo:~$ sudo fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sdb: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x3f1e271a
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 63 102414374 51207156 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sdb2 102414375 976768064 437176845 f W95 Ext'd (LBA)
[Ok3w_NextPage]/dev/sdb5 102414438 409625369 153605466 b W95 FAT32
/dev/sdb6 409625433 716836364 153605466 b W95 FAT32
/dev/sdb7 716836428 976768064 129965818+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xc35aebd4
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 63 104872319 52436128+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda2 104872381 976771071 435949345+ f W95 Ext'd (LBA)
/dev/sda5 104872383 231962534 63545076 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda6 231962598 300929579 34483491 b W95 FAT32
/dev/sda7 300931072 301125631 97280 83 Linux
/dev/sda8 301127680 517726207 108299264 83 Linux
/dev/sda9 517728256 945461247 213866496 83 Linux
/dev/sda10 945463296 976771071 15653888 82 Linux swap / Solaris
我们可以看到有两个硬盘，sda和sdb，其中sda是目前使用中的硬盘，sdb是新加上去的硬盘。
2. 针对sdb创建新硬盘分区：
先说明一下，fdisk 可以用 m 命令来看 fdisk 命令的内部命令：
a ：命令指定启动分区
d ：命令删除一个存在的分区
l ：命令显示分区 ID 号的列表
m ：查看 fdisk 命令帮助
n ：命令创建一个新分区
p ：命令显示分区列表
t ：命令修改分区的类型 ID 号
w ：命令是将对分区表的修改存盘让它发生作用
feigo@figo:~$ su
密码：
root@figo:/home/feigo# fdisk /dev/sdb
Command (m for help): m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
[Ok3w_NextPage]l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
由于sdb硬盘上已经有几个分区，人们需要先删除这些分区：
Command (m for help): d # 删除分区，依次输入数字
Partition number (1-7): 7
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-6): 6
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-5): 5
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-5): 2
Command (m for help): d
Selected partition 1
Command (m for help): w # 保存
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
再次查看硬盘分区信息，将会看到所有分区已被删除：
root@figo:/home/feigo# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sdb: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x3f1e271a
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xc35aebd4
[Ok3w_NextPage]Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 63 104872319 52436128+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda2 104872381 976771071 435949345+ f W95 Ext'd (LBA)
/dev/sda5 104872383 231962534 63545076 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda6 231962598 300929579 34483491 b W95 FAT32
/dev/sda7 300931072 301125631 97280 83 Linux
/dev/sda8 301127680 517726207 108299264 83 Linux
/dev/sda9 517728256 945461247 213866496 83 Linux
/dev/sda10 945463296 976771071 15653888 82 Linux swap / Solaris
在之前的命令列表上面看到，n代表创建新硬盘分区，那么接下我们输入n命令来创建新分区：
root@figo:/home/feigo# fdisk /dev/sdb
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
First sector (2048-976773167, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-976773167, default 976773167):
Using default value 976773167
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
完成，再查看，已经发现多了一个sdb1的分区：
root@figo:/home/feigo# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sdb: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes
81 heads, 63 sectors/track, 191411 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x3f1e271a
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
[Ok3w_NextPage]/dev/sdb1 2048 976773167 488385560 83 Linux
Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xc35aebd4
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 63 104872319 52436128+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda2 104872381 976771071 435949345+ f W95 Ext'd (LBA)
/dev/sda5 104872383 231962534 63545076 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda6 231962598 300929579 34483491 b W95 FAT32
/dev/sda7 300931072 301125631 97280 83 Linux
/dev/sda8 301127680 517726207 108299264 83 Linux
/dev/sda9 517728256 945461247 213866496 83 Linux
/dev/sda10 945463296 976771071 15653888 82 Linux swap / Solaris
3. 格式化分区为ext4：
root@figo:/home/feigo# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.42.5 (29-Jul-2012)
文件系统标签=
OS type: Linux
块大小=4096 (log=2)
分块大小=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
30531584 inodes, 122096390 blocks
6104819 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
第一个数据块=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296
3727 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968,
[Ok3w_NextPage]102400000
Allocating group tables: 完成
正在写入inode表: 完成
Creating journal (32768 blocks): 完成
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
格式化完成，可以使用parted命令查看/dev/sdb的分区格式：
root@figo:/home/feigo# parted
GNU Parted 2.3
Using /dev/sda
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) help
align-check TYPE N check partition N for TYPE(min|opt) alignment
check NUMBER do a simple check on the file system
cp [FROM-DEVICE] FROM-NUMBER TO-NUMBER copy file system to another partition
help [COMMAND] print general help, or help on COMMAND
mklabel,mktable LABEL-TYPE create a new disklabel (partition table)
mkfs NUMBER FS-TYPE make a FS-TYPE file system on partition NUMBER
mkpart PART-TYPE [FS-TYPE] START END make a partition
mkpartfs PART-TYPE FS-TYPE START END make a partition with a file system
move NUMBER START END move partition NUMBER
name NUMBER NAME name partition NUMBER as NAME
print [devices|free|list,all|NUMBER] display the partition table, available devices, free space, all found partitions, or a particular partition
quit exit program
rescue START END rescue a lost partition near START and END
resize NUMBER START END resize partition NUMBER and its file system
rm NUMBER delete partition NUMBER
[Ok3w_NextPage]select DEVICE choose the device to edit
set NUMBER FLAG STATE change the FLAG on partition NUMBER
toggle [NUMBER [FLAG]] toggle the state of FLAG on partition NUMBER
unit UNIT set the default unit to UNIT
version display the version number and copyright information of GNU Parted
(parted) select /dev/sdb
Using /dev/sdb
(parted) print
Model: ATA ST3500413AS (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 500GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 1049kB 500GB 500GB primary ext4
(parted) quit
其中上面parted的内部命令：
help 代表帮助，将会打印所有内部命令
select /dev/sdb 代表切换到硬盘sdb
print 代表打印分区文件系统类型
quit 代表退出
那么我们已经知道了sdb已被格式化为ext4，接下来就要挂载硬盘来目录了：
root@figo:/home/feigo# mkdir /data1
root@figo:/home/feigo# mount /dev/sdb1 /data1
root@figo:/home/feigo# df -Th
文件系统 类型 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
rootfs rootfs 102G 93G 4.5G 96% /
udev devtmpfs 10M 0 10M 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 799M 3.0M 796M 1% /run
/dev/disk/by-uuid/3640f24a-4870-42e2-ae07-109cb9c35164 ext4 102G 93G 4.5G 96% /
tmpfs tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock
tmpfs tmpfs 4.6G 376K 4.6G 1% /run/shm
[Ok3w_NextPage]/dev/sda7 ext4 92M 26M 62M 30% /boot
/dev/sda9 ext4 201G 23G 169G 12% /home
/dev/sdb1 ext4 459G 198M 435G 1% /data1
可以看到/dev/sdb1已经被挂载到/data1下了，剩余的工作就是迁移数据了。
4. 最后一步就是实现开机自动挂载/dev/sdb1到/data1下：
编辑/etc/fstab文件，加入下面两行内容：
root@figo:/home/feigo# vi /etc/fstab
# load /dev/sdb1 to /data1 when the system startup
/dev/sdb1 /data1 ext4 defaults 1 2
然后再用mount -a确定/etc/fstab设置没有错误，再用mount查看已挂载的设备：
root@figo:/home/feigo# mount -a
root@figo:/home/feigo# mount
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
proc on /proc type proc (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
udev on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,relatime,size=10240k,nr_inodes=1020978,mode=755)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000)
tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,size=818060k,mode=755)
/dev/disk/by-uuid/3640f24a-4870-42e2-ae07-109cb9c35164 on / type ext4 (rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,user_xattr,barrier=1,data=ordered)
tmpfs on /run/lock type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,size=5120k)
tmpfs on /run/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,size=4766880k)
/dev/sda7 on /boot type ext4 (rw,relatime,user_xattr,barrier=1,data=ordered)
/dev/sda9 on /home type ext4 (rw,relatime,user_xattr,barrier=1,data=ordered)
rpc_pipefs on /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs type rpc_pipefs (rw,relatime)
[Ok3w_NextPage]binfmt_misc on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
/dev/sdb1 on /data1 type ext4 (rw,relatime,user_xattr,barrier=1,data=ordered)
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