一、定义
名词是表示人或事物名称的词。它既可以表示具体的东西,也可以是表示抽象的东西。
二、分类
1. 名词可以根据意义分为普通名词和专有名词
如:John is a student
student是普通名词,John是专有名词
普通名词前可以用不定冠词a/an, 定冠词the 或不加冠词,专有名词前一般不加冠词,专有名词的首字母要大写。
2. 普通名词又可以分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词,其中个体名词与集体名词是可数名词,物质名词和抽象名称是不可数名词。
3. 专有名词
专有名词是表示人名、地名、团体、机构、组织等的专有名词,多为独一无二的事物。
三、名词的数
1、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。
可数名词——可以数的名词
不可数名词——数不清(没有复数)
Drink?milk tea water orange juice coke coffee porridge
Food?rice bread meat fish fruit cake dumplings
2、可数名词与不定冠词a(an)连用有数数形式,不可数名词不能与不定冠词a(an)连用,没有复数形式
many+可数名词复数
much/a little+不可数名词
some, any , a lot of (lots of) 两者都可以修饰。
3、可数名词可以直接用数词来修饰
不可数名词 数词 +量词 +of + 名词
对可数名词的数量提问用How many
对不可数名词的数量提问用 How much
4、不可数名词的量有以下两种表示方法:
1) some, much ,a little ,a lot of ,a bit of , plenty of 用等表示多少。
注意既可以与可数名词复数,又可以与不可数名词连用的有:plenty of ,some ,a lot of ,lots of ,most of 等。
如There is much water in the bottle .瓶中有很多水。
I'll tell you much good news.我要告诉你许多好消息。
We should collect some useful information我们应该收集一些有用的消息。
2) 用单位词表示。
用a ... of 表示。
如a cup of (一杯......),a bottle of (一瓶......)
a piece of (一张......),a pair of shoes(一双鞋)
如two cups of tea(两杯茶),five pieces of paper(五张纸)
注意单位词后的动词单复数形式往往取决于单位词的单复数形式;千、百等数词与名词加用,表示复数时,数词仍保持单数,名词变复数。
如two hundred students(200名学生)
ten thousand trees(10000棵树)
测试点He caught a lot of fish他抓到了许多鱼(此处为许多条鱼,fish的复数仍为fish或fishes)
=He caught a lot of fishes.
The paper is about some fresh-water fishes.这篇论文是有关几种淡水鱼的。(此处fish表示不同种类的鱼,加复数词尾-es)
5、可数名词分为单数和复数。
名词单数就是该词本身,在其前面加a或an。
1)单数
[Ok3w_NextPage]如a desk(一张桌子)
an old desk(一张旧书桌)
2)复数:要表示一个以上概念时,要用名词复数形式
规则变化
1)一般情况下加-s
如book--books(书)desk--desks(书桌)
2)以s ,x ,ch , sh结尾加-es
如box--boxes(盒子)bus--buses(公共汽车)
注意①以 th 结尾加-s, month--months
②stomach--stomachs
3)以辅音字母+结尾,变y为i再加- es。
如city--cities(城市) country--countries(国家)
注意以元音+y,直接加s。如:day--days(天),boy--boys(男孩)
4)以f或fe结尾,复数变f或 fe 为v再加-es
如knife-knives(书) , half-halves(一半)
(thief ,wife ,life ,shelf ,knife ,leaf ,self ,half ,wolf)
注意①有少数词后直接加s,如roof-roofs (屋顶)
5)以o结尾
(1)辅音字母加o结尾名词的加-es
如tomato-tomatoes(西红杮)
potato-potatoes(土豆)
(2) 元音字母加o结尾名词的加-s
如piano-pianos (钢琴), zoo-zoos(动物园)
photo-photos (照片), kangaroo-kangaroos(袋鼠)
kilo-kilos(千克)
注意zero 两种方式都可:zero-zeros或 zeroes(零)
不规则变化
1) 元音字母发变化。
如man--men(男人) , woman--women(妇女)
tooth--teeth(牙齿) , foot--feet(脚)
mouse--mice(老鼠) , policeman--policemen(警察)
policewoman--policewomen(女警察)
2) 词尾发生变化。
如child--children(小孩) , ox--oxen(公牛)
3) 单、复数形式相同。
如fish--fish(鱼) ,sheep--sheep(绵羊) ,deer--deer(鹿) ,Chinese--Chinese(中国人) ,yuan--Yuan(元) ,jinn--jinn(斤)
注意 不说an English,要说an Englishman.
①fish作鱼肉讲时不可数,没有复数。
②fishes指各种不同种类鱼或指几条鱼。
4) 形似单数,实为复数意义。
如people(人,人们)these people
(不说a people,可说a person)
police(公安,警察)ten police
(不说a police,可说a policeman)
5) 由man和woman构成的合成名词,变复数将名词及man或woman都变成复数。
如a man driver-men drivers(男司机)
a woman doctor-women doctors (女医生)
6) 合成名词变为复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数。
如passer-by-passers-by(过路人)
bus driver-bus drivers(汽车司机)
注意如果没有主体名词,就在最后一词上加-s。如:
grown-up-grown-ups(成年人)
letter-box-letter-boxes (信箱)
[Ok3w_NextPage]注意①hair和fruit通常作单数,表示总体。若表示若干根头发或若干种水果,则需用这两个词的复数形式。
如Would you like some more fruit? 你要不要再吃点水果?
We bought a lot of fruit from the market. 我们从市场上买了许多水果,
China has some good frits. 中国有一些好的水果。(指种类)
She has a few white hairs. 她有几要白头发。
His black hair is going white. 他的黑发逐渐变成灰白色。
注意②wind ,snow和rain这类词,有时也可以有复数形式,表示多次的风、雪或雨。
注意以boy 和girl开头的复合名词变成复数时,一般只把后一名词变成复数。
如 boy student-boy students(男学生)
girlfriend--girlfriends(女朋友)
7) 有些名词只有作复数。
如scissors(剪刀)a pair of scissors(一把剪刀)trousers(裤子)shorts(短裤)jeans(工装裤)compasses(两脚规)scales(天平)sunglasses(太阳镜)surroundings(环境)savings(储蓄)writings(作品)
名词+man(woman)构成的复合名词,其复数形式通常与简单名词一样,即把man(woman)改成men(women)。
如Englishman--Englishmen(英国人)
Frenchwoman--Frenchwomen(法国妇女)
注意German不是复合词,它的复数是Germans。
四、名词的所有格
有些名词的可以加来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词的形式称为该名词的所有格。
如Mary's father(玛丽的父亲)
Jim's mother(吉姆的母亲)
与所有格相对来看,不带这种词尾的形式就称为普通格。
1.名词所有格的构成法
1)单数名词词尾加's复数名词词尾如没有s,也要加's。
如Tom's knife(汤姆的小刀)
Children's books(儿童书籍)
2)表示几个人共有一样东西,只需在最后一个人名字后加,如果表示各自所有,则需在各个名字后加。
如Jim and Mike's room吉姆和麦克(共用)的房间
Jim's and Mike's rooms吉姆和麦克(各自)的房间
3)若名词已有复数词尾-s,只加"'"即可。
如the students' reading-room(学生阅览室)
Everyone needs to have at least eight hours' sleep a night. 每个人每晚需要至少8小时的睡眠。(新目标英语九年级)
注意①所有格的读音和名词复数的读音一样。
②名词所有格主要用于表示有生命东西(特别是人或高级动物)的名词。
如This is a woman's work. 这是女人干的工作。
This is a girls' school. 这是一所女子学校。
4)以-s结尾的专有名词,构成所有格仍然加's,或只加',但读音都是/iz/。
如 Mr Jones's(Mr Jones')book(琼斯先生的书)
Keats' works(济慈的作品)
(1)表示时间和距离的名词。
如Where is today's newspaper? 今天的报纸在哪儿?
[Ok3w_NextPage]An hour's walk isn't far. 一小时的路程不远。
(1) 有些无生命东西的名词,如国家,城市季节,太阳,月亮,大地,江河,海洋,船等名词也可用's,表示所有关系。
如China's population(中国人口)
the city's life(城市生活)
注意在表示店铺或某人家时,为避免重复(因前面已提到),名词所有格后面可省略它所修饰的名词。
my uncle's(我叔叔家) ,the doctor's(医生的诊所)
2.短语所有格
有生命的名词,我们用's结构来表示所有关系,如果是无生命的,我们就要用"名词+of+名词"的结构来表示。
the window of the house(这间房子的窗户)
注意当's所有格用来表示事物类别或属性时不可用of所有格。如:男式鞋应是men's,而不是shoes of men。
3.of +名词所有格
of +名词所有称为双重所有格,使用时要注意以下几项。
1)表示部分时,前面的词一定要有a ,an ,some ,any ,few ,two ,no ,several (几个)之类有修饰语,不能是one和the 。
如可说:a book of my brother's 我兄弟的一本书
不说:books of my brother's或 book of my brother's .
2)当带有感情色彩时,可用the ,this ,that ,these ,those于名词前。
如the pretty daughter of your sister's 你姐姐的漂亮的女儿
Did you read that book of Lu Xun's ? 你读过鲁迅的那本书吗?
3)of 前面的名词不能是专有名词。
如不说:This is John of his uncle's.
4)of 后面的名词必须是特定的。
如These books of my friend's are good 我朋友的这些书很好。
5)of 后面的名词必须是指人的名词。
比较不说It is a leaf of the tree's.
a picture of my father指的是爸爸本人的照片。
注意of 所有格和双重所有格有时可以交替使用,意义无甚区别。
如a friend of my brother→a friend of my brother's
测试点a car of Betty's cars ,不可换为a car of Betty.。Jim's and Tom's fathers are in the same office now.吉姆的父亲的汤姆父亲目前在同一办公室。
常用口诀
表示民族的名词顺口溜
(1)“中、日、瑞”友好是一致。
(2)“英、法”联盟a变e。
(3)其他一律加s 即Chinese,Japanese单复数同形;Englishman,Frenchman的复数为Englishmen,Frenchmen;其他像German,American,Australian等的复数形式是在后面加“s”。
f、fe结尾的顺口溜
(1)以f(e)结尾的名词变为复数时,有的把f(e)改为v(e)再加s,其他的以“f(e)”结尾的名词则直接加“s”。
妻子持刀去宰狼,小偷吓得发了慌;
躲在架后保己命,半片树叶遮目光。 wife(妻子),knife(刀子),wolf(狼)thief(小偷),shelf(架子),life(生命)leaf(树叶),self(自己),half(一半),这9个名词变复数时,都要改“f(e)”为“ve”再加“s”。
[Ok3w_NextPage](2)以f结尾的名词,一般把把f改为ves,但也有特殊情况是直接加-s的,
如gulf, roof, chief, serf, belief, proof, handkerchief。编成口诀联想:
海湾边、屋顶上,首领农仆相望;
谁说他们无信仰,语气定在手帕上
O结尾的名词顺口溜
1)有生命的以o结尾的名词变复数时,词尾加es,凡无生命的以o结尾的名词变复数时,词尾加s。
有生命:potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes, hero-heroes, Negro--Negroes
如无生命:zoo-zoos, radio-radios, photo-photos, piano-pianos, zero-zeros, bamboo(竹竿)--bamboos, tobacco(烟丝)--tobaccos1)
2)两人两菜一火山。(+es)
小学—中学课本中以o结尾的名词构成复数时,加es的只有Negro(黑人),hero(英雄),potato(土豆),tomato(西红杮),volcano(火山),这就是“两人两菜一火山”。
或:黑人和英雄吃土豆和西红柿egroes and heroes eat tomatoes and potatoes)
2)其余以o结尾的名词变复数时均加s。
图景:你在“zoo”里,看见一要“bamboo”,上面挂着一张“photo”,所照的是一架“piano”,上面放着一台“radio”。
zoo-zoos , bamboo-bamboos,photo-photos piano-pianos, radio-radios.
巧记不规则名词单变复
男女脚步牙鹅,老鼠加虱婆。
man-men; woman-women; foot-feet; tooth-teeth; goose-geese; mouse-mice; louse-lice
1
( ) 1 In 1850, about a third of U. S. A___ covered by forests.
A. were B. has been C. / D. was
( ) 2 Most of our earth____ covered by water.
A. are B. is C. was D. were
( ) 3 Sunday ____ the first day of the week.
A. is B. are C. am D. be
( ) 4 Neither___right.
A. answers are B. answers aren't C. answer is D. answer isn't
2.( ) 1 -Have you got some water to drink?
-Here you are. There___ still some in the bottle.
A. are B. were C. is D. was
( ) 2 _____ there many American friends in the school last Friday?
A. Is B. Was C. Are D. Were
( ) 3 There ____ a great many accidents last year.
A. were B. are C. is D. was
( ) 4 -How many children ____ in the picture?
[Ok3w_NextPage]-Three.
3
( ) 1 The population of the world ____ still ____ now.
A. has; grown B. will; grow C. is; growing D. is grown
( ) 2 There ____ many people running in the park every morning.
A. is B. were C. are D. have
( ) 3 These police often___the children across the street.
A. help B. helps C. helping D. is helping
4
( ) 1 ___ going to England by air next week.
A. The Green family are B. The Greens family are
C. The Green's family are D. Green family are
( ) 2 The whole family ____ enjoying the beautiful music now.
A. is all B. all is C. all are D. are all
( ) 3 Our class ___ big.
A. is B. are C. were D. will
5
( ) 1 Neither he nor I ____ from Canada. We are from Australia.
A. is B. are C. am D. be
( ) 2 Either you or he ____ right.
A. are B. is C. does D. were
( ) 3 Neither Mary nor her brother____ good at singing.
A. is B. are C. is not D. are not
( ) 4 Not only Tom but also Alice and Mary ____ busy.
A. is B. was C. are D. has
6
( ) 1 Physics ___ interesting to us.
A. are B. has C. is D. were
( ) 2 The news____ exciting. We got excited at it.
A. is B. was C. were D. are
( ) 3 Though mathematics____ hard, we all work at it hard.
A. are B. were C. was D. is
参考答案:
1. 1-4 D B A C
2. 1 -4 C D A D
3. 1 -3 C C A
4. 1 -3 A D A
5. 1 -4 C B A C
6. 1 -3 C B D